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Microglia are immune cells of the brain that protect the neurons from environmental insults. In most cases, when microglia sense damage or viral infection, they become activated and alert the circulating immune system to initiate a response, often called inflammation. However, in brain tumors, microglia are thought to respond to the presence of tumor cells by reducing the immune response. Moreover, many of the molecules produced by microglia are used directly by the tumor cells to proliferate. We believe that understanding the diversity and function of microglia, and their ‘sister’ macrophages, which arrive from the circulation, could reveal strategies for disrupting the interactions that enable and facilitate tumor growth.